Memperluas bisnis ke pasar luar negeri adalah langkah besar. Untuk pengusaha furnitur mewah, Eropa adalah pasar yang sangat menarik. Tapi, berbisnis antar negara membawa risiko hukum yang tidak sederhana. Anda perlu perlindungan hukum agar aset dan nama baik bisnis tetap aman.
Tanpa kontrak tertulis yang jelas, salah paham bisa sering terjadi. Perbedaan budaya, bahasa, dan aturan hukum bisa menimbulkan masalah. Kontrak bisnis internasional jadi solusi untuk mengurangi risiko seperti ini. Kontrak ini berfungsi sebagai panduan bagi kedua pihak agar semua kewajiban bisa dijalankan dengan jelas.
Artikel ini akan membahas bagian penting dari kontrak internasional. Kami juga akan jelaskan jenis-jenis kontrak yang cocok untuk eksportir. Dengan memahami ini, Anda bisa menjaga kepercayaan klien dan reputasi bisnis.
Mengapa Kontrak Tertulis Itu Sangat Penting?
Transaksi bisnis internasional tidak hanya sekadar tukar barang dan uang. Anda juga harus mengurus logistik, asuransi, dan aturan negara lain. Karena itu, kesepakatan lisan saja tidak cukup.
Kontrak tertulis memberi kepastian hukum untuk semua pihak. Kontrak ini menjelaskan hak dan tanggung jawab jelas untuk masing-masing pihak. Jika terjadi masalah, kontrak jadi bukti utama yang bisa digunakan. Untuk produsen furnitur mewah, kontrak bisa memastikan standar kualitas produk tetap terjaga.
Bagian Penting dalam Kontrak Bisnis Internasional
Setiap kontrak punya susunan yang berbeda-beda, tergantung kebutuhan. Tapi, ada beberapa hal penting yang wajib ada dalam kontrak internasional. Pastikan semua poin berikut sudah tertulis jelas.
1. Identitas Para Pihak
Bagian ini mencantumkan siapa saja yang terlibat. Tulis nama perusahaan, alamat resmi, dan siapa perwakilan sahnya. Kesalahan penulisan data ini bisa membuat kontrak batal demi hukum.
2. Cakupan Barang dan Jasa
Jelaskan produk atau jasa yang diperjualbelikan secara detail. Untuk furnitur mewah, tulis bahan, ukuran, dan standar pengerjaannya. Penjelasan yang tidak jelas bisa menjadi sumber perselisihan soal kualitas barang.
3. Mata Uang dan Cara Pembayaran
Perubahan nilai tukar mata uang bisa memengaruhi keuntungan. Tentukan mata uang transaksi dengan tegas. Jelaskan juga bagaimana pembayaran dilakukan, misalnya pakai Letter of Credit (L/C) atau transfer bank.
4. Klausul Force Majeure
Force majeure adalah kejadian di luar kendali manusia, seperti bencana alam atau perang. Klausul ini melindungi Anda jika tidak bisa menjalankan kewajiban karena hal-hal yang tidak terduga tadi.
Jenis Kontrak yang Penting untuk Eksportir
Ada banyak jenis kontrak dalam perdagangan internasional. Pilih jenis kontrak sesuai dengan model bisnis Anda. Berikut ini adalah beberapa contoh yang sering dipakai eksportir.
1. Kontrak Penjualan Internasional (Sales Contract)
Ini adalah jenis kontrak yang paling sering digunakan. Kontrak ini mengatur jual beli barang antara eksportir dan importir.
Poin penting: Isi kontrak mengatur pengiriman barang, harga, dan siapa yang bertanggung jawab jika terjadi masalah. Banyak pihak memakai aturan dari United Nations Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods (CISG).
2. Perjanjian Distribusi (Distribution Agreement)
Produsen furnitur biasanya memakai distributor untuk masuk ke pasar Eropa. Kontrak ini memberikan hak kepada distributor menjual produk Anda di wilayah tertentu.
Poin penting: Isi kontrak sebaiknya mengatur target penjualan, area pemasaran, dan berapa lama kerja sama berlangsung. Hal ini penting untuk menjaga merek tetap eksklusif.
3. Perjanjian Agen (Agency Agreement)
Agen berbeda dari distributor. Agen bertugas mencarikan pembeli untuk Anda, bukan membeli barang.
Poin penting: Kontrak ini lebih fokus pada pengaturan komisi dan peran agen. Pastikan agen memahami keunikan dan nilai produk Anda.
Pentingnya Memilih Hukum yang Berlaku (Choice of Law)
Perselisihan bisnis antar negara sering rumit karena sistem hukum berbeda-beda. Makanya, Anda harus menyepakati hukum negara mana yang dipakai.
Anda bisa memilih hukum Indonesia, negara mitra, atau negara netral. Pilihan ini akan sangat memengaruhi bagaimana masalah diselesaikan. Selain itu, tentukan juga apakah sengketa akan diselesaikan lewat pengadilan atau arbitrase.
Lembaga seperti International Chamber of Commerce (ICC) sering dipakai untuk arbitrase bisnis. Proses arbitrase biasanya lebih cepat dan rahasia daripada pengadilan biasa.
Kesimpulan
Memahami susunan kontrak adalah langkah awal untuk melindungi bisnis. Jangan remehkan detail dalam setiap pasal kontrak. Salah interpretasi bisa berdampak besar terhadap kelangsungan ekspor Anda.
Setiap transaksi pasti punya kekhususan sendiri. Jadi, hindari memakai kontrak standar mentah-mentah tanpa penyesuaian. Selalu konsultasikan kontrak yang sudah dibuat dengan pakar hukum bisnis internasional.
Langkah serta persiapan seperti ini akan memperkuat posisi bisnis Anda. Dengan begitu, Anda bisa lebih fokus menciptakan furnitur yang berkualitas tinggi.
Examples of International Contracts
International Sales Contract
Parties Involved:
This contract is made on [date], between:
- [Company A Name], located at [Company A Address], hereinafter referred to as the “Seller.”
- [Company B Name], located at [Company B Address], hereinafter referred to as the “Buyer.”
Article 1 – Contract Object
The Seller agrees to sell, and the Buyer agrees to purchase, the following goods:
- Description of Goods: [Full description of the goods]
- Quantity of Goods: [Quantity of goods to be sold]
- Technical Specifications: [Specifications of the goods]
Article 2 – Price and Payment
The agreed price of the goods is [Price Amount in Currency]. Payment will be made via bank transfer to the Seller’s account within [number of days] after the invoice is issued.
Article 3 – Delivery
Delivery of goods will take place within [number of days] after full payment is received. The delivery location is [Delivery Location]. The risk of damage or loss to the goods will be borne by [Seller/Buyer] in accordance with applicable Incoterms.
Article 4 – Dispute Resolution
Any disputes arising from this contract will be resolved through [Negotiation/Arbitration/Litigation], in accordance with the laws of [Authorized Country].
Article 5 – Miscellaneous Provisions
Any amendments to this contract can only be made with the written consent of both parties.
Approved by:
Seller Signature:
_______________________
[Seller Name]
Buyer Signature:
_______________________
[Buyer Name]
Example of Distribution and Agency Contract
Article 1 – The Parties
This contract is made and agreed upon on [Date], by and between:
- [Name of Company/Person], acting as the authorized Licensor/Distributor, with an address at [Full Address]; and
- [Name of Agent/Distributor], acting as the Agent/Licensee, with an address at [Full Address].
Article 2 – Scope and Purpose
The Licensor appoints the Agent to distribute or market certain products within the territory of [Distribution Territory]. The Agent agrees to comply with all policies and terms set by the Licensor.
Article 3 – Rights and Obligations
- The Licensor is responsible for providing products to the Agent as per market needs in the distribution territory.
- The Agent is fully responsible for promotion, sales, and customer service within their territory.
- Both parties must maintain the confidentiality of any information received related to this contract.
Article 4 – Price and Payment
The Licensor will supply products at a price of [Currency and Price Details] as agreed in writing. The Agent must make payment within the agreed-upon period of [Agreed Timeframe].
Article 5 – Duration and Termination
This contract is valid for a period of [Contract Duration] from the signing date and may be extended upon written agreement by both parties. Prior notification of [Notice Period, e.g., 30 days] is required to terminate this contract.
Article 6 – Dispute Resolution
Any disputes arising will be resolved through mutual consensus. If no resolution is reached, arbitration will be conducted under the laws of [Authorized Country].
Approved by:
Licensor/Distributor Signature:
_______________________
[Licensor Name]
Agent/Distributor Signature:
_______________________
[Agent Name]
Example of Technology Cooperation Contract
Article 1 – Background
The undersigned parties agree to cooperate in the development, use, and distribution of certain technologies under the terms outlined in this contract.
Article 2 – Scope of Cooperation
- Development of new technologies for the joint project’s needs.
- Provision of training and technical support for relevant parties.
- Distribution of technology-based products within the agreed areas.
Article 3 – Duration and Terms
This agreement is valid for [Time Period, e.g., 2 years] from the signing date and may be extended upon further agreement by both parties.
Article 4 – Rights and Obligations
- The First Party is responsible for initial funding and technology management.
- The Second Party is responsible for marketing and distributing the technology’s outcomes to end consumers.
- Both parties must maintain confidentiality regarding technology-related information as stated in the Confidentiality Clause.
Article 5 – Confidentiality
All information and data obtained during this cooperation are confidential and will only be used for the contract’s execution. Both parties agree not to disclose such information to third parties without written consent.
Article 6 – Dispute Resolution
Any disputes or conflicts arising from this contract must be resolved through mutual consensus. If mutual consensus fails, both parties agree to arbitration under the governing laws of [Authorized Country].
Article 7 – Conclusion
This agreement is made in two copies, each party receiving one copy with equal legal force.
Signed by:
First Party Signature:
_______________________
[First Party Name]
Second Party Signature:
_______________________
[Second Party Name]
Example of International Investment Contract
Article 1 – The Parties
This contract is made on [Date] by and between:
- [Investor Name], a citizen of [Nationality], residing at [Full Address], hereinafter referred to as the “First Party.”
- [Investment Recipient Name], a citizen of [Nationality], residing at [Full Address], hereinafter referred to as the “Second Party.”
Article 2 – Investment Purpose
The First Party agrees to provide an investment of [Investment Amount] to the Second Party to support [Purpose or Project], expected to generate economic benefits for both parties.
Article 3 – Rights and Obligations
- The First Party is responsible for transferring investment funds according to the agreed schedule.
- The Second Party is responsible for utilizing the funds as agreed, reporting project progress, and distributing profits as outlined in this contract.
Article 4 – Profit Sharing
Profits from this investment will be shared as follows: [Percentage] for the First Party and [Percentage] for the Second Party, after deducting operational costs and other obligations as per applicable laws.
Article 5 – Dispute Resolution
Any disputes arising from or related to this contract will first be resolved through mutual discussions. If unresolved, arbitration will be conducted under the governing laws of [Arbitration Country].
Article 6 – Miscellaneous
- Any amendments or additions to this contract must be made in writing and agreed upon by both parties.
- This contract is binding and applies to the legal successors of both parties.
Signed by:
First Party Signature:
_______________________
[First Party Name]
Second Party Signature:
_______________________
[Second Party Name]]
Kesimpulan
Memahami susunan kontrak adalah langkah awal untuk melindungi bisnis. Jangan remehkan detail dalam setiap pasal kontrak. Salah interpretasi bisa berdampak besar terhadap kelangsungan ekspor Anda.
Setiap transaksi pasti punya kekhususan sendiri. Jadi, hindari memakai kontrak standar mentah-mentah tanpa penyesuaian. Selalu konsultasikan kontrak yang sudah dibuat dengan pakar hukum bisnis internasional.
Langkah serta persiapan seperti ini akan memperkuat posisi bisnis Anda. Dengan begitu, Anda bisa lebih fokus menciptakan furnitur yang berkualitas tinggi.
Referensi
Untuk memperdalam wawasan tentang hukum dagang internasional, simak juga sumber berikut:
UN Convention (CISG): Konvensi PBB tentang kontrak penjualan barang internasional.
ICC (International Chamber of Commerce): Menyediakan aturan perdagangan global.
